Avoided emissions are defined as the “positive” impact on society when comparing the GHG impact of a solution to an alternative reference scenario where the solution would not be used. They are sometimes referred to as Scope 4 Emissions, but Project Frame does not recommend the use of this term to avoid conflation with Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 used in carbon accounting.

An attribute of impact, requiring an investor or company's thoughtful and reasonable articulation of the degree to which its support causes a change in an outcome that would have not otherwise happened (in a no-intervention or business as usual baseline scenario).

Verification that claims of GHG impact are free from errors, omissions, or misstatements. This is also associated with third-party verification of an investor’s impact methodology and practices.

A projection of GHG emissions over time, representing what would have happened in the absence of an investment or a climate solution.